Fig. 1
From: Ethical care requires pragmatic care research to guide medical practice under uncertainty
Reconstructing the care research demarcation. a According to the prevailing view, research must be cleanly separated from care. Consequently, unvalidated tests and interventions are admitted as care, and explanatory research may use patients as research subjects. In the new program (b), optimal care includes validated (but revisable) care and pragmatic care research, but unvalidated tests and interventions are only offered within care research